Telangana formation cleared, Hyderabad joint capital for 10 yrs

What's Telangana about:

1. Telangana would be the 29th state of Independent India.

2. The Telangana region comprises 10 districts: Hyderabad, Adilabad, Khammam, Karimnagar, Mahbubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda, Nizamabad, Rangareddy, and Warangal.

3. Apart from Telangana, Andra Pradesh consists of two other parts namely Coastal Andra and Rayalaseema.

4. According to sources, violence that came along with the Telangana merger demand has consumed more than 1000 lives over last three years, which includes numerous cases of self immolation.

5. The sharing of the capital city Hyderabad had long been the bone of contention in the separation struggle. 

6. Pro-Telangana people put forward a notion that 45% of the state income comes from Telangana but when it comes to utilization of funds, its share is only 28%.

7. Proponents of a separate Telangana state cite perceived injustices in the distribution of water, budget allocations, and jobs.

'Why Telangana report was not discussed in Parliament':

The Telugu Desam Party (TDP) has questioned why the Union government did not table the Srikrishna Committee's report on Telengana before the Parliament for discussion.

Srikrishna Committee on Telangana or the Committee for Consultations on the Situation in Andhra Pradesh (CCSAP) was a committee headed by former chief justice BN Srikrishna to look into the demand for separate statehood for Telangana or whether to keep Andhra Pradesh united in its present form.

TDP MLA Devineni Uma Maheswara Rao, who is also the party's Krishna district president demanded that the union government reveal the status of the report.

Less than four years after the UPA almost went back on its pledge to create Telangana, the Congress on Tuesday accepted one of the oldest demands in independent India for a separate state and asked the government to split Andhra Pradesh.

             Pro-Telangana students celebrate at Osmania University in Hyderabad after Congress Working Committee endorsed a decision to create sgaeparate TelanGANAna state. 

The new state – that culminates a bloody agitation that cost hundreds of lives -- will have 10 districts including the city of Hyderabad. Andhra Pradesh and Telangana will, however, have to share Hyderabad as a joint capital for 10 years.

Tuesday’s decision by the Congress Working Committee is the first step forward after the midnight dramatic announcement by former home minister P Chidambaram on 9 December 2009 promising to start the process. The Congress, however, developed cold feet.

As it ended the uncertainty on Tuesday with what could be a political masterstroke to check-mate its opponents ahead of the 2014 general elections, the developments went according to the script.

The UPA coordination committee first unanimously endorsed the move to divide Andhra Pradesh and the Congress Working Committee (CWC), the highest decision making body of the party, followed it up by unanimously passing a resolution, requesting the central government to “take steps in accordance with the Constitution of India to form a separate state of Telangana”.

Congress president Sonia Gandhi opened the meeting giving historical perspective of the issue. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh endorsed Gandhi’s views and said the move will help in the equitable development of all the regions of the state. Union health minister Ghulam Nabi Azad, who as party general held the charge of the state for more than two years, and his successor Digvijaya Singh gave details about their interactions at state and central levels.

Only three other CWC members spoke at the meeting. Mukul Wasnik raised the issue of Vidarbha, which is also one of the long-pending demands. His views were endorsed by his Maharashtra colleague Gurudas Kamat. Ambika Soni too spoke about her experiences in AP as in-charge general secretary.

The formation of Telangana will take some time but the bill to create the new state is expected to reach parliament in next 4-5 months, probably in winter session.

But the decision has not been smooth. The issue had vertically divided the Congress both in the state and the Centre and even security and intelligence agencies had raised concerns over the proposed move.

When it appeared that the Congress was reconciled to put the Telangana issue on the back-burner to give itself a breathing space till the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, the party sprang a surprise a few months ago by stepping up its discreet preparation.

The top leadership came to the conclusion that Telangana is “emotionally disintegrated” and “only division could save” the party in the 2014 polls.

 PM Manmohan Singh and UPA chairperson Sonia Gandhi during the CWC meeting on Telangana in New Delhi. (HT Photo/Sunil Saxena)

Till then, the broader thinking in the Congress was that the party stands to lose in the Telangana region even if it announced a separate state, but would gain in Andhra and Rayalseema parts of the state if it rejected or even delayed a decision.

Hyderabad, considered the crowning jewel of the Telangana region, will be the joint capital of the newly-proposed state and the other regions--Rayalaseema and Andhra--for a period of 10 years. A new capital for Andhra will be identified Seemandhra region within this period.

"It is resolved to request the Central government to take steps in accordance with the Constitution to form a separate state of Telangana within a definite timeframe," said a resolution passed at an hour-long meeting of the CWC.

The CWC meet followed a meeting of the UPA which also unanimously favoured formation of Telangana.

The CWC acknowledged that it "has not been an easy decision" but it was taken after the widest possible consultations and taking into account the chequered history of the demand for a separate state.

The decisions by the CWC and the UPA came after hectic consultations for the last over a week on creation of the 29th state of the country that will have a geographical area of 10 of the 23 districts of undivided Andhra Pradesh.

The Union Cabinet will meet on Thursday, apparently to consider formation of a Group of Ministers to go into economic issues on creation of the new state.  

Students of Osmania University celebrate with a cake after Congress working committe and UPA endorsed the creation of a new state 'Telangana' in Hyderabad on July 30, 2013. (AP Photo)

This is the first decision of the UPA to form a new state in the last nine years.

Contrary to speculation that the new state could be named Rayala Telangana, including a couple of districts of Rayalaseema, the districts that will be part of the new state will be Adilabad, Karimnagar, Khammam, Mahaboobnagar, Medak, Nalgonda, Nizamabad, Rangareddy and Warangal besides Hyderabad.

At the moment the idea is to have 10 districts in Telangana but it will be for the Group of Ministers to consider demands for inclusion of more areas, AICC General Secretary Digvijay Singh, incharge of Andhra Pradesh affairs in Congress, told a press conference after the CWC meeting.

Out of 42 Lok Sabha seats and 294 Assembly seats in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana is likely to have 17 Lok Sabha seats and 119 Assembly seats.

 Probable CM candidates in Telangana:

The party, however, made it clear that no demand for creation of any other state would be considered as it emphasised that this case cannot be compared with any other.

This assertion comes against the backdrop of demands for creation of separate states of Vidarbha and Gorkhaland.

While TRS, which has been spearheading the demand for separate state, welcomed the decision, supporters of united Andhra Pradesh stepped up protests against division.

At the CWC meeting, the Prime Minister said the decision would help the entire Andhra region.

UPA Chairperson Sonia Gandhi gave a historical perspective on the issue to the CWC meeting in which Digvijay Singh moved the resolution.

It was adopted unanimously.

Like last week end, when indications emerged that the Congress was veering towards formation of Telangana, ministers and MPs belonging to the non-Telangana regions made last ditch efforts to convince the Congress President and the Prime Minister to have a rethink on the issue.

Andhra state, the first entity formed on linguistic basis,  was created in 1953 from out of the erstwhile Madras Presidency with Kurnool as the capital.

News analysis: What next for Congress after Andhra-Telangana divorce?

With the passing of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, there was a merger of Hyderabad state and Andhra state to be called Andhra Pradesh from November 1, 1956. 

Andhra Pradesh now has a population of over 8.5 crore.

The 2009 announcement, taken at the height of an indefinite fast by TRS leader K Chandrashekhar Rao, had ignited street protests in the non-Telangana regions and opposition from ministers, MLAs and leaders from within the party that forced the central government and the Congress leadreship to put the issue on hold.

The Centre held rounds of meetings with all parties from the state and set up a Commission under the chairmanship for Supreme Court Judge Justice Srikrishna, which had given a report suggesting various solutions.

Chief minister Kiran Kumar Reddy, who was opposed to the division of Andhra Pradesh and was said to be thinking in terms of resigning, was called for consultations.  He attended the UPA meeting.

However, he dismissed reports of resignation as "rumours".  Similarly, Congress ministers in the Union government and the MPs gave enough indications that they would follow the party line. 

Students take out rally to protest proposed AP bifurcation:

Students from various educational institutions took out a rally here on Tuesday to protest the proposed bifurcation of the state.

Over 3,000 students including girls from various colleges, under Joint Action Committee banner, led by its convenor and youth leader Devineni Avinash staged 'rasta roko' near the Indira Gandhi municipal stadium in the city for over half-an-hour.

In the midst of mounting pressure from both pro and anti-Telangana leaders, the crucial Congress Working Committee (CWC) meeting is scheduled this evening to take a final decision on the separate statehood issue.

The students' JAC asked the Union government not to concede the demand of bifurcating the state made by some political leaders for their "selfish motive" at the cost of crores of Telugu people, Avinash said.

They also demanded that the people's representatives from all political parties should resign from their posts as token protest against the proposed bifurcation.

A number of public and private sector employees from various organisations, trade union leaders and some advocates also joined the rally to support the students.

 Political reactions on creation of Telangana:

HT POLL

As the country waited for the UPA to decide on the creation of Telangana, Hindustantimes.com ran a poll asking readers if creating more states weaken India or strengthen it. Sixty-seven percent of the respondents agreed saying creating more states will weaken the unity of the country. On the other hand, 26% of those who voted said that it will strengthen the nation. However, the rest 7% of them remained undecided.

PROTEST ON TODAY:

This morning, protesting students picketed the home of state minister Ganta Srinivas in Vishakhapatnam, demanding that he should resign. Similar incidents have happened with ministers in Tirupati and Vizianagram. 

MPs who want a "united Andhra Pradesh" will meet in Delhi; the Congress MP from Guntur has already said he will quit. In Hyderabad, Congressmen will meet at the MLA's Quarters this evening, before heading out to talk to Chief Minister Kiran Kumar Reddy. More resignations could be announced thereafter. 
When they met him on Tuesday, Mr Reddy reportedly said that while the Congress' decision to carve out  a separate Telangana may have upset them, as it did him, there will be no going back on it. 

A message that Congress president Sonia Gandhi had also firmly handed to a group of these leaders who met her hours before the party's working committee announced the decision on Monday. She also reportedly instructed the Congress leaders to convince the people of Andhra Pradesh that a split would benefit all the regions as it would speed up development with the uncertainty over Telangana now over. 

 There were protests in the non-Telangana regions yesterday amid a bandh and more protests have been reported this morning in Vijaywada. Yesterday, protesters broke statues former Prime Ministers Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi and attacked Congress offices. 

The Chief Minister has asked top officials and cops to ensure law and order. He has issued strict instructions that no force, not even rubber bullets, be used against protestors, but at the same time said that they must not be allowed to destroy public property.

The people of coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema fear that the loss of the 10 districts that will be part of the new Telangana state, and particularly capital Hyderabad, will set them back economically by several decades. The Telangana region accounts for much of the state's resources and income

The Best Televison Ad of 2013

The best Indian ad ever 2013: 

The award goes for ICICI PRUDENTIAL LIFE INSURANCE

ALL THAT YOU WANTED TO KNOW & MORe

Overview:

ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Company is a joint venture between ICICI Bank, a premier financial powerhouse, and Prudential plc, a leading international financial services group headquartered in the United Kingdom. ICICI Prudential was amongst the first private sector insurance companies to begin operations in December 2000 after receiving approval from Insurance Regulatory Development Authority (IRDA).

ICICI Prudential Life's capital stands at Rs. 4,793 crores (as of March 31, 2013) with ICICI Bank and Prudential plc holding 74% and 26% stake respectively. For the financial year 2013, the company has garnered total premium of Rs 13,538 crores and has underwritten over 13 million policies since inception. The company has assets held over Rs. 74,000 crores as on March 31, 2013.

For the past decade, ICICI Prudential Life Insurance has maintained its dominant position (on new business retail weighted basis) amongst private life insurers in the country, with a wide range of flexible products that meet the needs of the Indian customer at every step in life.

Our vision:

To be the dominant Life, Health and Pensions player built on trust by world-class people and service.

This we hope to achieve by:

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The success of the company will be founded in its unflinching commitment to 5 core values -- Integrity, Customer First, Boundaryless, Ownership and Passion. Each of the values describe what the company stands for, the qualities of our people and the way we work.

We do believe that we are on the threshold of an exciting new opportunity, where we can play a significant role in redefining and reshaping the sector. Given the quality of our parentage and the commitment of our team, there are no limits to our growth.

Our values :

Every member of the ICICI Prudential team is committed to 5 core values: Integrity, Customer First, Boundaryless, Humility, and Passion. These values shine forth in all we do, and have become the keystones of our success.

PROMOTERS:

ICICI Bank  (taken from the press release of ICICI Bank)

ICICI Bank Limited (NYSE:IBN) is India's one of the leading private sector bank and the second largest bank in the country, with consolidated total assets of US$ 111 billion at June 30, 2012. ICICI Bank's subsidiaries include India's one of the leading private sector insurance companies and among its largest securities brokerage firms, mutual funds and private equity firms. ICICI Bank's presence currently spans 19 countries, including India.

About Prudential Plc (taken from the press release of Prudential Plc)

Prudential plc is incorporated in England and Wales, and its affiliated companies constitute one of the world's leading financial services groups. It provides insurance and financial services through its subsidiaries and affiliates throughout the world. It has been in existence for over 160 years and has £363 billion in assets under management (as at 30 June 2012).

RANGE OF PRODUCTS:

At ICICI Prudential Life, we understand that different individuals have different needs.

The ideal insurance plan is one that addresses the exact insurance needs of the individual which depends on the age and life stage of the individual apart from a host of other factors.

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AWARDS & RECOGNITIONS:

ICICI Prudential Life Insurance has been pronounced winner in the 2nd Excellence Awards and Recongnition for Shared Services, 2012. We won the award in the category - Shared Services in India - Insurance Domain.

These awards have been instituted by All India Management Association (AIMA) & Delhi Management Association (DMA), in collaboration with Rvalue Consulting as knowledge partners, to honour,recognize & promote trasformative strategies for shared services.

Bronze Effie in the Financial services category for the campaign "Life Insurance in just 10 Minutes" 

Yaan (film)

Yaan (Tamil: யான்) is an upcoming tamil action film to be directed by the cinematographer Ravi K. Chandran starring Jiiva and Thulasi Nair.  The movie has music by Harris Jayaraj and art by Sabu Cyril. Oscar winner Resul Pookutty is in charge of sound mixing and Brindha will take care of the choreography. The shooting will take place in Chennai, Mumbai, Hyderabad,Morocco, Andaman & Nicobar islands and Iceland Yaan's shooting is in progress having completed two schedules in Hyderabad and Karjat with further schedules expected for Mumbaiand Morocco. 

Music is composed by Harris Jayaraj collaborating with Jiiva for Fourth time. Lyrics are written by vaali. "ae lamba lamba., vaazhakai enna vamba" is the last song tat vaali written for Harris Yaan. It is rumored that he will be using a few new instruments for this album and will also rope in top American rappers. After finishing a portion of the album, the team will leave the USA on a cruise that travelsfrom Florida,through Haiti, Jamaica and Mexico, before reaching Florida again, after 8 days. During the cruise, they will compose the remaining songs and finalize the album.

director Ravi K Chandran tweeted. He said all this was possible because of the support from his producer and team. "Thanks to our producer and his team for the complete support and management, cast and crew's hard work and involvements made this possible," added Chandran. The film also features Thulasi Nair, Nassar and Prakash Raj in lead roles. It is produced by Elred Kumar and Jayaraman of RS Infotainment.

This Jeeva and Thulasi Nair starrer flick has already completed two successful schedules in Karjat and Hyderabad. "This pair has got an electrifying screen presence," the director says. Now, the team is all set to leave to Mumbai to start 40 days lengthy schedule from 26th of this month. With almost 70% of the movie getting over after this Mumbai schedule, the Yaan team has finalised on Morocco for a 30-day-schedule where a few songs will be shot. Yaan also features Nassar, Prakash Raj, Premgi Amaren, Thambi Ramaiah, Jayaprakash and Srihari in the cast. While Harris Jayaraj will be composing the music, Neha Parti is the cinematographer of the film.

Kajal Aggarwal, who is busy with Vijay's Thuppakki, seems to have bagged yet another big project. The actress has been approached by Ravi K Chandra for his upcoming Yaan starring Jeeva and she is likely to give a nod for the movie. Reports say that the makers of Yaan had earlier planned to rope in a Bollywood face. But they changed their stand and decided to cast an actress, who is popular in South. Hence, they offered the female lead role to Kajal Aggarwal, who is one of the most sought after actresses in South India. Ravi K Chandran has not narrated the script to Kajal Aggarwal yet, as she is busy filming AR Murugadoss directorial Thuppakki starring Vijay abroad. She is expected to return in the first week of September and the decision will only be announced once the cinematographer-turned-director meet Kajal. The movie is produced by Elred Kumar and it has Oscar winner Resul Pookutty donning the mantle of sound engineer. Multiple national winners like production designer Sabu Cyril and editor Sreekar Prasad are also part of the movie. It will be simultaneously made in Tamil, Hindi and Telugu.

Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

The atomic bombings of the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan were conducted by the United States during the final stages of World War II in 1945. The two events are the only use of nuclear weapons in war to date.

Following a firebombing campaign that destroyed many Japanese cities, the Allies prepared for a costly invasion of Japan. The war in Europe ended when Nazi Germany signed its instrument of surrender on 8 May, but the Pacific War continued. Together with the United Kingdom and the Republic of China, the United States called for a surrender of Japan in the Potsdam Declaration on 26 July 1945, threatening Japan with "prompt and utter destruction". The Japanese government ignored this ultimatum. American airmen dropped Little Boy on the city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945, followed by Fat Man over Nagasaki on 9 August.

Within the first two to four months of the bombings, the acute effects killed 90,000–166,000 people in Hiroshima and 60,000–80,000 in Nagasaki, with roughly half of the deaths in each city occurring on the first day. The Hiroshima prefecture health department estimated that, of the people who died on the day of the explosion, 60% died from flash or flame burns, 30% from falling debris and 10% from other causes. During the following months, large numbers died from the effect of burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries, compounded by illness. In a US estimate of the total immediate and short term cause of death, 15–20% died from radiation sickness, 20–30% from burns, and 50–60% from other injuries, compounded by illness. In both cities, most of the dead were civilians, although Hiroshima had a sizeable garrison.

                       

Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

On 15 August, six days after the bombing of Nagasaki, Japan announced its surrender to the Allies, signing the Instrument of Surrender on 2 September, officially ending World War II. The bombings led, in part, to post-war Japan's adopting Three Non-Nuclear Principles, forbidding the nation from nuclear armament. The bombings' role in Japan's surrender and their ethical justification are still debated. 

Pacific War:

In 1945, the Pacific War between the Empire of Japan and the Allies of World War II had entered its fourth year. World War II was not winding down. Instead, the fighting was being prosecuted with ever-increasing fury. Of the 1.25 million battle casualties incurred by the United States in World War II, including both soldiers killed in action and wounded in action, nearly one million occurred in the twelve-month period from June 1944 to June 1945. December 1944 saw American battle casualties hit an all-time monthly high of 88,000 as a result of the German Ardennes Offensive.

In the Pacific during this period, the Allies captured the Mariana and Palau Islands, returned to the Philippines, and invaded Borneo.The policy of bypassing Japanese forces was abandoned. In order to free troops for use elsewhere, offensives were undertaken to reduce the Japanese forces remaining in Bougainville, New Guinea and the Philippines. In April 1945, American forces landed on Okinawa, where heavy fighting continued until June. Along the way, the ratio of Japanese to American casualties dropped from 5 to 1 in the Philippines to 2 to 1 on Okinawa.

Hiroshima during World War II:

The Enola Gay dropped the "Little Boy" atomic bomb on Hiroshima. In this photograph are five of the aircraft's ground crew with mission commander Paul Tibbetsin the center.

At the time of its bombing, Hiroshima was a city of both industrial and military significance. A number of military camps were located nearby, including the headquarters of Field MarshalShunroku Hata's 2nd General Army which commanded the defense of all southern Japan.Field Marshal Hata's 2nd General Army was headquartered in the Hiroshima Castle and his command consisted of some 400,000 men, most of whom were on Kyushu where an Allied invasion was correctly expected. Also present in Hiroshima was the headquarters of the 5th Division, 59th Army, and most of the 224th Division, a recently formed mobile unit. The city was defended by five batteries of 7-and-8-centimetre (2.8 and 3.1 in) anti-aircraft guns of the IJA 3rd AAA Division, including units from the 121st and 122nd AA Regiments and the 22nd and 45th Separate AA Battalions.In total, over 40,000 military personnel were stationed in the city.

Hiroshima was a minor supply and logistics base for the Japanese military but it also had large depots of military supplies and was a key center for shipping. The city was a communications center, a storage point, and an assembly area for troops. It was one of several Japanese cities left deliberately untouched by American bombing, allowing a pristine environment to measure the damage caused by the atomic bomb.

The center of the city contained several reinforced concrete buildings and lighter structures. Outside the center, the area was congested by a dense collection of small wooden workshops set among Japanese houses. A few larger industrial plants lay near the outskirts of the city. The houses were constructed of wood with tile roofs, and many of the industrial buildings were also built around wood frames. The city as a whole was highly susceptible to fire damage.

The population of Hiroshima had reached a peak of over 381,000 earlier in the war, but prior to the atomic bombing the population had steadily decreased because of a systematic evacuation ordered by the Japanese government. At the time of the attack, the population was approximately 340,000–350,000. Residents wondered why Hiroshima had been spared destruction by firebombing.Some speculated that the city was to be saved for US occupation headquarters, others thought perhaps their relatives in Hawaii and California had petitioned the US government to avoid bombing Hiroshima.More realistic city officials had ordered buildings torn down to create long, straight firebreaks, beginning in 1944.Firebreaks continued to be expanded and extended, right up to the morning of 6 August 1945.

The bombing:

Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on 6 August, with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets. The 393d Bombardment Squadron B-29 Enola Gay, piloted by Tibbets, took off from North Field airbase on Tinian, about six hours flight time from Japan. The Enola Gay (named after Tibbets' mother) was accompanied by two other B-29s. The Great Artiste, commanded by Major Charles Sweeney, carried instrumentation, and a then-nameless aircraft later called Necessary Evil, commanded by Captain George Marquardt, served as the photography aircraft.

Hiroshima bombing

Nagasaki during World War II:

The Bockscar and its crew, who dropped the Fat Man atomic bomb on Nagasaki.

The city of Nagasaki had been one of the largest sea ports in southern Japan and was of great wartime importance because of its wide-ranging industrial activity, including the production of ordnance, ships, military equipment, and other war materials. The four largest companies in the city were Mitsubishi Shipyards, Electrical Shipyards, Arms Plant, and Steel and Arms Works, which employed about 90% of the city's labor force, and accounted for 90% of the city's industry.

Nagasaki was not the target of large-scale bombing prior to 9 August 1945. However, the city had been previously bombed on a small scale five times. Of these raids, on 1 August, a number of conventional high-explosive bombs were dropped on the city. A few hit in the shipyards and dock areas in the southwest portion of the city, several hit the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works, and six bombs landed at the Nagasaki Medical School and Hospital, with three direct hits on buildings there. While the damage from these bombs was relatively small, it created considerable concern in Nagasaki and many people—principally school children—were evacuated to rural areas for safety, thus reducing the population in the city at the time of the nuclear attack. By early August, the city was defended by the IJA 134th AAA Regiment of the 4th AAA Division with four batteries of 7 cm (2.8 in) anti-aircraft guns and two searchlight batteries.

In contrast to many modern aspects of Hiroshima, almost all of the buildings were of old-fashioned Japanese construction, consisting of wood or wood-frame buildings with wood walls (with or without plaster) and tile roofs. Many of the smaller industries and business establishments were also situated in buildings of wood or other materials not designed to withstand explosions. Nagasaki had been permitted to grow for many years without conforming to any definite city zoning plan; residences were erected adjacent to factory buildings and to each other almost as closely as possible throughout the entire industrial valley. On the day of the bombing, an estimated 263,000 were in Nagasaki, including 240,000 Japanese residents, 10,000 Korean residents, 2,500 conscripted Korean workers, 9,000 Japanese soldiers, 600 conscripted Chinese workers, and 400 prisoners of war.

To the north of Nagasaki, there was a camp holding British Commonwealth prisoners of war, some of whom were working in the coal mines and only found out about the bombing when they came to the surface.

The bombing

Responsibility for the timing of the second bombing was delegated to Tibbets. Scheduled for 11 August against Kokura, the raid was moved earlier by two days to avoid a five-day period of bad weather forecast to begin on 10 August.Three bomb pre-assemblies had been transported to Tinian, labeled F-31, F-32, and F-33 on their exteriors. On 8 August, a dress rehearsal was conducted off Tinian by Sweeney using Bockscar as the drop airplane. Assembly F-33 was expended testing the components and F-31 was designated for the August 9 mission.

Special Mission 16, Secondary target Nagasaki, 9 August 1945^[111]

Aircraft	Pilot	Call Sign	Mission role
Enola Gay	Captain George W. Marquardt	Dimples 82	Weather reconnaissance (Kokura)
Laggin' Dragon	Captain Charles F. McKnight	Dimples 95	Weather reconnaissance (Nagasaki)
Bockscar	Major Charles W. Sweeney	Dimples 77	Weapon Delivery
The Great Artiste	Captain Frederick C. Bock	Dimples 89	Blast measurement instrumentation
Big Stink	Major James I. Hopkins, Jr.	Dimples 90	Strike observation and photography
Full House	Major Ralph R. Taylor	Dimples 83	Strike spare—did not complete mission

On the morning of 

9 August 1945, the B-29 

Super fortress Bockscar, flown by Sweeney's crew, carried Fat Man, with Kokura as the primary target and Nagasaki the secondary target. The mission plan for the second attack was nearly identical to that of the Hiroshima mission, with two B-29s flying an hour ahead as weather scouts and two additional B-29s in Sweeney's flight for instrumentation and photographic support of the mission. Sweeney took off with his weapon already armed but with the electrical safety plugs still engaged.

This time Penney and Cheshire were allowed to accompany the mission, flying as observers on the third plane, Big Stink, which was flown by the group's Operations Officer, Major James I. Hopkins, Jr. Observers aboard the weather planes reported both targets clear. When Sweeney's aircraft arrived at the assembly point for his flight off the coast of Japan, Big Stink failed to make the rendezvous.Bockscar and the instrumentation plane circled for 40 minutes without locating Hopkins. Already 30 minutes behind schedule, Sweeney decided to fly on without Hopkins.

By the time they reached Kokura a half hour later, a 70% cloud cover had obscured the city, inhibiting the visual attack required by orders. After three runs over the city, and with fuel running low because a transfer pump on a reserve tank had failed before take-off, they headed for their secondary target, Nagasaki. Fuel consumption calculations made en route indicated that Bockscar had insufficient fuel to reach Iwo Jima and would be forced to divert to Okinawa. After initially deciding that if Nagasaki were obscured on their arrival the crew would carry the bomb to Okinawa and dispose of it in the ocean if necessary, the weaponeer, Navy Commander Frederick Ashworth, decided that a radar approach would be used if the target was obscured.

At about 07:50 Japanese time, an air raid alert was sounded in Nagasaki, but the "all clear" signal was given at 08:30. When only two B-29 Superfortresses were sighted at 10:53, the Japanese apparently assumed that the planes were only on reconnaissance and no further alarm was given.

Bombing of Nagasaki

Plans for more atomic attacks on japan:

Groves expected to have another atomic bomb ready for use on 19 August, with three more in September and a further three in October. On 10 August, he sent a memorandum to Marshall in which he wrote that "the next bomb should be ready for delivery on the first suitable weather after 17 or 18 August." On the same day, Marshall endorsed the memo with the comment, "It is not to be released over Japan without express authority from the President."

There was already discussion in the War Department about conserving the bombs in production until Operation Downfall had begun. "The problem now [13 August] is whether or not, assuming the Japanese do not capitulate, to continue dropping them every time one is made and shipped out there or whether to hold them ... and then pour them all on in a reasonably short time. Not all in one day, but over a short period. And that also takes into consideration the target that we are after. In other words, should we not concentrate on targets that will be of the greatest assistance to an invasion rather than industry, morale, psychology, and the like? Nearer the tactical use rather than other use."

Two more Fat Man assemblies were readied. The third core was scheduled to leave Kirtland Field for Tinian on 12 August, and Tibbets was ordered by Major General Curtis LeMay to return to Utah to collect it. Robert Bacherwas packaging it in Los Alamos when he received word from Groves that the shipment was suspended.

Surrender of japan and subsequent occupation:

Until 9 August, the war council had still insisted on its four conditions for surrender. On that day Hirohito ordered Kido to "quickly control the situation... because the Soviet Union has declared war against us." He then held an Imperial conference during which he authorized minister Tōgō to notify the Allies that Japan would accept their terms on one condition, that the declaration "does not compromise any demand which prejudices the prerogatives of His Majesty as a Sovereign ruler."

On 10 August, the Japanese government presented a letter of protest for the atomic bombings to the government of the United States via the government of Switzerland.On 12 August the Emperor informed the imperial family of his decision to surrender. One of his uncles, Prince Asaka, then asked whether the war would be continued if the kokutai could not be preserved. Hirohito simply replied "Of course."As the Allied terms seemed to leave intact the principle of the preservation of the Throne, Hirohito recorded on 14 August his capitulation announcement which was broadcast to the Japanese nation the next day despite a short rebellion by militarists opposed to the surrender.

In his declaration, Hirohito referred to the atomic bombings:

Moreover, the enemy now possesses a new and terrible weapon with the power to destroy many innocent lives and do incalculable damage. Should we continue to fight, not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization. Such being the case, how are We to save the millions of Our subjects, or to atone Ourselves before the hallowed spirits of Our Imperial Ancestors? This is the reason why We have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the Joint Declaration of the Powers.

In his "Rescript to the soldiers and sailors" delivered on 17 August, he stressed the impact of the Soviet invasion and his decision to surrender, omitting any mention of the bombs.

During the year after the bombing, approximately 40,000 U.S. troops occupied Hiroshima while Nagasaki was occupied by 27,000 troops.

Hibakusha:

The survivors of the bombings are called hibakusha (被爆者^?), a Japanese word that literally translates to "explosion-affected people." As of 31 March 2012, 210,830 hibakusha were recognized by the Japanese government, most living in Japan. The government of Japan recognizes about 1% of these as having illnesses caused by radiation. The memorials in Hiroshima and Nagasaki contain lists of the names of the hibakusha who are known to have died since the bombings. Updated annually on the anniversaries of the bombings, as of August 2012 the memorials record the names of almost 440,000 deceased hibakusha; 280,959 in Hiroshima and 158,754 in Nagasaki.

Double survivors

People who suffered the effects of both bombings are known as nijū hibakusha in Japan. On 24 March 2009, the Japanese government officially recognized Tsutomu Yamaguchi (1916–2010) as a double hibakusha. He was confirmed to be 3 km (1.9 mi) from ground zero in Hiroshima on a business trip when Little Boy was detonated. He was seriously burnt on his left side and spent the night in Hiroshima. He arrived at his home city of Nagasaki on 8 August, the day before Fat Man was dropped, and he was exposed to residual radiation while searching for his relatives. He was the first officially recognised survivor of both bombings. He died on 4 January 2010, at the age of 93, after a battle with stomach cancer. The 2006 documentary Twice Survived: The Doubly Atomic Bombed of Hiroshima and Nagasaki documented 165 nijū hibakusha, and was screened at the United Nations.

Korean survivors

During the war, Japan brought as many as 670,000 Korean conscripts to Japan to work as forced labor. About 20,000 Koreans were killed in Hiroshima and another 2,000 died in Nagasaki. Perhaps one in seven of the Hiroshima victims was of Korean ancestry. A Korean prince of the Joseon Dynasty, Yi Wu, died from the Hiroshima bombing. For many years, Koreans had a difficult time fighting for recognition as atomic bomb victims and were denied health benefits. However, most issues have been addressed in recent years through lawsuits.

Debat over bombing:

The role of the bombings in Japan's surrender and the US's ethical justification for them has been the subject of scholarly and popular debate for decades. J. Samuel Walker wrote in an April 2005 overview of recent historiography on the issue, "the controversy over the use of the bomb seems certain to continue." He wrote that "The fundamental issue that has divided scholars over a period of nearly four decades is whether the use of the bomb was necessary to achieve victory in the war in the Pacific on terms satisfactory to the United States."

Supporters of the bombings generally assert that they caused the Japanese surrender, preventing massive casualties on both sides in the planned invasion of Japan. One figure of speech, "One hundred million [subjects of the Japanese Empire] will die for the Emperor and Nation," served as a unifying slogan. Although some Japanese were taken prisoner, most fought until they were killed or committed suicide.Nearly 99% of the 21,000 defenders of Iwo Jima were killed,and the last Japanese soldiers did not surrender until November 1949.Of the 117,000 Japanese troops defending Okinawa in April–June 1945, 94% were killed. Supporters also point to an order given by the Japanese War Ministry on 1 August 1944, ordering the execution of Allied prisoners of war when the POW-camp was in the combat zone. As War Minister, Korechika Anami was opposed to the surrender. Immediately after Hiroshima, he commented, "I am convinced that the Americans had only one bomb, after all." Eventually, Anami's arguments were overcome when Emperor Hirohito directly requested an end to the war himself.

Those who oppose the bombings, among them many US military leaders as well as ex-president Herbert Hoover, argue that it was simply an extension of the already fierce conventional bombing campaign.This, together with the sea blockade and the collapse of Germany (with its implications regarding redeployment), would also have led to a Japanese surrender – so the atomic bombings were militarily unnecessary. On the contrary, according to Kyoko Iriye Selden, "The most influential text is Truman's 1955 Memoirs, which states that the atomic bomb probably saved half a million US lives— anticipated casualties in an Allied invasion of Japan planned for November. Stimson subsequently talked of saving one million US casualties, and Churchill of saving one million American and half that number of British lives."

Scholars have pointed out various alternatives that could have ended the war just as quickly without an invasion, but these alternatives could have resulted in the deaths of many more Japanese.

As the United States dropped its atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, 1.6 million Soviet troops launched a surprise attack on the Japanese forces occupying eastern Asia. "The Soviet entry into the war played a much greater role than the atomic bombs in inducing Japan to surrender because it dashed any hope that Japan could terminate the war through Moscow's mediation", said Japanese historian Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, whose recently published Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan is based on recently declassified Soviet archives as well as US and Japanese documents.

Legal situation in Japan:

The Tokyo District Court, while denying a case for damages against the Japanese government, stated: 

(b) that the dropping of atomic bombs as an act of hostilities was illegal under the rules of positive international law (taking both treaty law and customary law into consideration) then in force ... (c) that the dropping of atomic bombs also constituted a wrongful act on the plane of municipal law, ascribable to the United States and its President, Mr. Harry S. Truman;  ... The aerial bombardment with atomic bombs of the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was an illegal act of hostilities according to the rules of international law. It must be regarded as indiscriminate aerial bombardment of undefended cities, even if it were directed at military objectives only, inasmuch as it resulted in damage comparable to that caused by indiscriminate bombardment.